Car Sharing vs. Traditional Car Rental

The first thing you need to know is that car sharing is a type of car rental. What makes it different from traditional car rental (Hertz, Enterprise, etc) is that it is designed to be convenient for people who want to rent cars for short periods of times (a few hours) and only pay for their usage (you are billed based on how long you have a car and the distance traveled).

Another difference with traditional car rental that makes car sharing more practical for people who don't own a car is that it allows you to access a car at any hour, not just business hours. And because the cars are spread around town in reserved parking's, chances are there's one such parking close to where you live, making it easy to walk to it.

What is Intelligent Transport System and how it works?

With the conception of smart city transmuting cities into digital societies, making the life of its citizens easy in every facet, Intelligent Transport System becomes the indispensable component among all. In any city mobility is a key concern; be it going to school, college and office or for any other purpose citizens use transport system to travel within the city. Leveraging citizens with an Intelligent Transport System can save their time and make the city even smarter. Intelligent Transport System (ITS) aims to achieve traffic efficiency by minimizing traffic problems. It enriches users with prior information about traffic, local convenience real-time running information, seat availability etc. which reduces travel time of commuters as well as enhances their safety and comfort.
The application of ITS is widely accepted and used in many countries today.  The use is not just limited to traffic congestion control and information, but also for road safety and efficient infrastructure usage. Because of its endless possibilities, ITS has now become a multidisciplinary conjunctive field of work and thus many organizations around the world have developed solutions for providing ITS applications to meet the need.
One such example is the city of Glasgow. In the city, Intelligent Transport System gives regular information to the daily commuters about public buses, timings, seat availability, the current location of the bus, time taken to reach a particular destination, next location of the bus and the density of passengers inside the bus.
Iain Langlands, GIS and Data Manager, Glasgow City Council explains, bus operators in the city have the sensors in their buses. So, if the bus is going to be early to the next bus stop the bus is temporarily and very slightly is slowed down at the red light little longer than it should be to make sure the bus is on time and do not ahead of the schedule”. The system has been designed so smartly that passengers and even drivers are unaware of the delay as they are very little delays.

Application areas of Intelligent Transport System

The entire application of ITS is based on data collection, analysis and using the results of the analysis in the operations, control and research concepts for traffic management where location plays an important role.
Here sensors, information processors, communication systems, roadside messages, GPS updates and automated traffic prioritization signals play an imperative role in the application of:
1-      Advanced Traffic Management System
2-      Advanced Traveler Information System
3-      Advanced Vehicle Control system
4-      Advanced Public Transportation System
5-      Advanced Rural Transportation Systems
6-      Advanced Commercial Vehicles Operations system

How Intelligent Transport System works?

Traffic Management Centre (TMC) is the vital unit of ITS. It is mainly a technical system administered by the transportation authority. Here all data is collected and analyzed for further operations and control management of the traffic in real time or information about local transportation vehicle.
Well-organized and proficient operations of Traffic Management Centre depends on automatized data collection with precise location information than analysis of that data to generate accurate information and then transmitting it back to travelers.  Let’s understand the entire process in a more detailed way.
Data collection:  Strategic planning needs precise, extensive and prompt data collection with real-time observation. So the data here is collected via varied hardware devices that lay the base of further ITS functions. These devices are Automatic Vehicle Identifiers, GPS based automatic vehicle locators, sensors, camera etc. The hardware mainly records the data like traffic count, surveillance, travel speed and travel time, location, vehicle weight, delays etc. These hardware devices are connected to the servers generally located at data collection centre which stores large amounts of data for further analysis.
Data Transmission: Rapid and real-time information communication is the Key to proficiency in ITS implementation so this aspect of ITS consists of the transmission of collected data from the field to TMC and then sending back that analyzed information from TMC to travelers. Traffic-related announcements are communicated to the travelers through internet, SMS or onboard units of Vehicle. Other methods of communications are dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) using radio and Continuous Air Interface Long and Medium Range (CAILM) using cellular connectivity and infra-red links.
Data Analysis: The data that has been collected and received at TMC is processed further in various steps. These steps are error rectification, data cleaning, data synthesis, and adaptive logical analysis. Inconsistencies in data are identified with specialized software and rectified. After that data is further altered and pooled for analysis. This mended collective data is analyzed further to predict traffic scenario which is available to deliver appropriate information to users.
Traveler Information: Travel Advisory Systems (TAS) is used to inform transportation updates to the traveling user. The system delivers real-time information like travel time, travel speed, delay, accidents on roads, change in route, diversions, work zone conditions etc. This information is delivered by a wide range of electronic devices like variable message signs, highway advisory radio, internet, SMS, automated cell.
With urbanization expanding with speedy stride, number of vehicles on road is also increasing. Combination of both in return puts enormous pressure on cities to maintain a better traffic system so that the city keeps on moving without any hassle. For the purpose application of Intelligent Transport System is the only solution. ITS is a win-win situation for both citizens and city administrators where it provides safety and comfort to citizens and easy maintenance and surveillance to city administrators.

Academic writing-Referencing & Citation

Referencing Styles

MLA citation Style

Two part system of citation:

• In-text citation: embedded within the text of the essay itself.
• A 'work cited' list that follows up these references with fuller details of the sources, in an alphabetically ordered list. This includes both primary and secondary texts you used in writing your assignment. all entries in the works cited page must correspond to the works cited in your main text.

In Text Citation

Included in an in-text citation is ( Author's surname and page number), or just (page number) if the author is named in sentence. no commas and or 'p.' or 'pg' are needed. The references appears in brackets at the end of the sentence that contains the quotation from or reference to your source. Punctuation comes after the citation. A full reference to the resource should then be included in the works cited page at the end of the essay. for example:

• Author mentioned only in reference: 'This point has been emphasized (jones 156-7)
• Author mentioned in text: 'Jones emphasizes this point (157-7)
• Material found in indirect source: "Greenwood supports this view ( in Jones 66)"

Works Cited List

Your essay should conclude with a Works Cited list (a full list of works consulted). Entries should consist of as many of the following core elements as appropriate, in the recommended order of:

(1) Author, (2) Title of source, (3) Title of container (e.g. journal, database, website, etc), (4) Other contributors, (5) Version, (6) Number, (7) Publisher, (8) Publication date, (9) Location.

Entries are listed alphabetically by the author's late name (or, for entire edited collections, editor names). Author names are written as last name, first name (or initial) any middle names or additional initials. For example Smith, Alison M.

If you have cited more than one work by a particular author, order the entries alphabetically by title, and use three hyphens in place of the author's name for subsequent entry.

If there is no author, place the item by the first letter of its title, ignoring 'A' 'An' and 'The'.

Books

Below are the rules for different types of books and authors.

Book with one author

       Winterson, Jeanette. Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit. Atlantic Monthly Press, 1987.

Book with two Authors

Reverse the name of the first author only.

       Kuiper, Koenraad and W. Scott Allan. An Introduction to English Language: Word, Sound, and Sentance. Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.

Book with three or more authors

The name of the first authors should be given, followed by et al. ('and others'), e.g. Quirk, Randolph, et al.

Edition of a book

       Crowley, Sharon and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for contemporary Students. 3rd ed., pearson, 2004.

Book prepared by an editor

       Austen, Jane. Sense and Sensibility, edited by Claudia Johnson. Norton, 2001.

Translated Book

       Hildegard of Bingen. Selected Writings, translated by Mark Atherton. Penguin, 2001.

Penulisan Referensi dengan Chicago Style

Penulisan referensi atau daftar pustaka dalam suatu penulisan karya ilmiah penting untuk dilakukan. Selain untuk menghindari plagiarisme dalam suatu tulisan, daftar pustaka juga memberikan kemudahan bagi pembaca mencari sumber asli dari acuan yang ada pada suatu tulisan ilmiah.

Terdapat banyak sekali style format penulisan daftar pustaka, antara lain seperti : APA, Chicago, IEEE, GOST, MLA, dan Turabian. Pada kesempatan kali ini saya akan coba menguraikan bagaimana standar penulisan dari Chicago Manual of Style (CMS), bagaimana format yang digunakan beserta contohnya. Format yang digunakan ini saya tuliskan berdasar pada edisi ke-15 dari The Chicago Manual of Style (2003).

Beberapa ciri dari penulisan daftar pustaka dengan Chicago style adalah: 

1.      Sumber pustaka ditulis urut berdasar nama belakang dari penulis. (contoh : Allin Junikhah menjadi Junikhah, Allin )

2.      Nama penulis kedua dan seterusnya dituliskan sama (tidak mengalami perubahan) dengan yang tertulis pada sumber asli.

3.      Daftar pustaka ditulis dengan spasi double dan hanging indents untuk masing-masing pustaka

4.      Baris pertama pustaka ditulis dengan margin kiri, baris kedua dan seterusnya ditulis dengan indent 5 spasi. 

5.      Tidak terdapat spasi baris pada pustaka satu dengan yang lain.

6.      Penulisan miring digunakan pada penulisan judul buku, judul jurnal, dan judul prosiding.

7.      Penulisan judul artikel dan judul dari bab tidak dituliskan miring, tetapi dituliskan dalam tanda double quotation ("..."). 

Untuk lebih jelasnya, berikut format beserta contoh penulisan daftar pustaka berdasar pada Chicago Style:

1.      Artikel pada Jurnal

Format Umum

Nama belakang, nama depan penulis. "Judul artikel". Judul jurnal volume, no. issue (tahun diterbitkan) : halaman awal - halaman akhir. 

Catatan

§  Hanya judul jurnal yang dituliskan miring   

§  Judul artikel dituliskan diantara tanda petik dua (") dan tidak ditulis miring

Contoh Penggunaan 

2.      Buku

Format Umum 

Nama belakang, nama depan penulis. Judul Buku. Edisi. Tempat diterbitkan : Penerbit, Tahun diterbitkan. 

Catatan 

§  Hanya judul buku yang ditulis miring

§  Format umum diatas ditulis berdasarkan format dengan satu penulis serta dituliskan edisi atau volume dari buku.

§  Format penulisan untuk penulis dengan jumlah lebih dari satu, penulis dengan editor, dan penulis anonim dapat dilihat pada contoh penulisan dibawah ini

Contoh Penggunaan   

3.      Artikel pada Prosiding / Conference Paper

Format Umum

Nama belakang, nama depan penulis. "Judul artikel". Dalam Judul prosiding. Diedit oleh nama editor. Tempat diterbitkan : Penerbit, Tahun penerbitan.

Catatan

§  Hanya judul prosiding yang dituliskan miring

§  Judul artikel dituliskan diantara tanda petik dua (") dan tidak ditulis miring

§  Format umum diatas dituliskan berdasar pada prosiding yang diterbitkan, dengan pencantuman nama editor. 

§  Untuk format lain seperti prosiding yang tidak diterbitkan maupun yang tidak mengalami pengeditan dapat dilihat pada contoh penggunaan di bawah ini.

Contoh Penggunaan

4.      Sumber Online 

Format Umum

Nama depan, nama belakang penulis. Judul dokumen. URL situs sumber lengkap (accessed waktu pengaksesan)

Catatan

§  Jika tidak terdapat nama penulis, dapat digantikan dengan site's sponsor sebagai penulis.

§  Pada Chicago Manual of Style, waktu pengaksesan dapat ditulis atau tidak, tergantung kebutuhan. Waktu pengaksesan perlu dituliskan untuk isi dokumen atau tulisan online yang dimungkinkan mengalami perubahan.

§  Penulisan jurnal dan buku online (e-book dan e-journal) ditulis seperti ketentuan pada penulisan buku dan jurnal tercetak, hanya saya ditambahkan penulisan url dari situs sumber di belakang pustaka.

§  Untuk lebih jelasnya dalam penulisan e-book, e-journal, dan beberapa sumber online lain, lihat pada contoh penulisan di bawah ini.

Contoh Penggunaan

Untuk mempermudah dalam penulisan daftar pustaka dengan Chicago style maupun style yang lain kita dapat memanfaatkan fitur yang ada pada Microsoft Word 2007. Pada software pengolah kata ini, terdapat fitur untuk manajemen referensi atau daftar pustaka yang kita gunakan.

Cara penggunaan:

·         Pilih Menu Reference pada toolbar

·         Pilih style daftar pustaka yang diinginkan. Misal : Chicago

·         Pilih manage resource pada Citations & Bibliography

·         Pada manage resource dialog box, pilih New kemudian masukkan data-data sumber yang akan kita pakai.

·         Data-data yang perlu diisi disesuaikan dengan jenis sumber yang kita ambil. Seperti buku, jurnal, prosiding atau sumber lain.

§  Setelah melakukan pengisian data pustaka, data akan tersimpan dan dapat kita munculkan dalam bentuk citation maupun daftar pustaka (bibliography).

Sumber : 

Ohio State University Library. Guide for Citing Resources: Chicago Manual of Style.  

http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/24410925/1294803018/name/Chicago-style.rar (diakses 9 Oktober 2011)

Seattle Central Community College Library. Chicago Style Citation Guide. 

www.indiana.edu/~citing/Chicago.pdf (diakses 3 Oktober 2011)

University of Western Sydney Library. Chicago Referencing Style Guide. 

http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/24410925/1294803018/name/Chicago-style.rar (diakses 9 Oktober 2011)

* Semoga bermanfaat, happy writing! :)