Donald Trump Biography

Born: 1946
New York, New York
American businessman and real estate developer

An American real estate developer, Donald Trump became one of the best known and most controversial businessmen of the 1980s and 1990s.

Privileged childhood

Donald John Trump was born in 1946 in Queens, New York City, the fourth of five children of Frederick C. and Mary MacLeod Trump. Frederick Trump was a builder and real estate developer who specialized in constructing and operating middle income apartments in the Queens, Staten Island, and Brooklyn sections of New York. Donald Trump was an energetic and bright child, and his parents sent him to the New York Military Academy at age thirteen, hoping the discipline of the school would channel his energy in a positive manner. Trump did well at the academy, both socially and academically, rising to be a star athlete and student leader by the time he graduated in 1964.

During the summers, Trump worked for his father's company at the construction sites. He entered Fordham University and then transferred to the Wharton School of Finance at the University of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1968 with a degree in economics.

Trump seems to have been strongly influenced by his father in his decision to make a career in real estate development, but the younger man's personal goals were much grander than those of his father. After graduating college, Trump joined the family business, the Trump Organization. In 1971 Trump moved his residence to Manhattan, where he became familiar with many influential people. Convinced of the economic opportunity in the city, Trump became involved in large building projects in Manhattan that would offer opportunities for earning high profits, utilizing attractive architectural design, and winning public recognition.

Building an empire

When the Pennsylvania Central Railroad entered bankruptcy, Trump was able to obtain an option (a contract that gives a person the authority to sell something for a specific price during a limited time frame) on the railroad's yards on the west side of Manhattan. When plans for apartments were refused because of a poor economic climate, Trump promoted the property as the location of a city convention center, and the city government selected it over two other sites in 1978. Trump's offer to drop a fee if the center were named after his family, however, was turned down, along with his bid to build the complex.

In 1974 Trump obtained an option on one of the Penn Central's hotels, the Commodore, which was unprofitable but in an excellent location near Grand Central Station. The next year he signed a partnership agreement with the Hyatt Hotel Corporation, which did not have a large downtown hotel. Trump then worked out a complicated deal with the city to revamp the hotel. Renamed the Grand Hyatt, the hotel was popular and an economic success, making Trump the city's best known and most controversial developer.

In 1977 Trump married Ivana Zelnickova Winklmayr, a New York fashion model who had been an alternate on the 1968 Czech Olympic Ski Team. After the birth of the first of the couple's three children in 1978, Donald John Trump, Jr., Ivana Trump was named vice president in charge of design in the Trump Organization and played a major role in supervising the renovation of the Commodore.

In 1979 Trump rented a site on Fifth Avenue next to the famous Tiffany & Company as the location for a monumental $200 million apartment-retail complex designed by Der Scutt. It was named Trump Tower when it opened in 1982. The fifty-eight-story building featured a six-story courtyard lined with pink marble and included an eighty-foot waterfall. The luxurious building attracted well-known retail stores and celebrity renters and brought Trump national attention.

Atlantic City

Meanwhile Trump was investigating the profitable casino gambling business, which was approved in New Jersey in 1977. In 1980 he was able to acquire a piece of property in Atlantic City, New Jersey. He brought in his younger brother Robert to head up the complex project of acquiring the land, winning a gambling license, and obtaining permits and financing. Holiday Inns Corporation, the parent company of Harrah's casino hotels, offered a partnership, and the $250 million complex opened in 1982 as Harrah's at Trump Plaza. Trump bought out Holiday Inns in 1986 and renamed the facility Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino. Trump also purchased a Hilton Hotels casino-hotel in Atlantic City when the corporation failed to obtain a gambling license and renamed the $320 million complex Trump's Castle. Later, while it was under construction, he was able to acquire the largest hotel-casino in the world, the Taj Mahal at Atlantic City, which opened in 1990.

Back in New York City, Trump had purchased an apartment building and the Barbizon-Plaza Hotel in New York City, which faced Central Park, with plans to build a large condominium tower on the site. The tenants of the apartment building, however, who were protected by the city's rent control and rent stabilization programs, fought Trump's plans and won. Trump then renovated the Barbizon, renaming it Trump Parc. In 1985 Trump purchased seventy-six acres on the west side of Manhattan for $88 million to build a complex to be called Television City, which was to consist of a dozen skyscrapers, a mall, and a riverfront park. The huge development was to stress television production and feature the world's tallest building, but community opposition and a long city approval process delayed construction of the project. In 1988 he acquired the Plaza Hotel for $407 million and spent $50 million renovating it under his wife Ivana's direction.

Declining wealth

It was in 1990, however, that the real estate market declined, reducing the value of and income from Trump's empire; his own net worth plummeted from an estimated $1.7 billion to $500 million. The Trump Organization required massive loans to keep it from collapsing, a situation that raised questions as to whether the corporation could survive bankruptcy. Some observers saw Trump's decline as symbolic of many of the business, economic, and social excesses from the 1980s.

Yet Trump climbed back and was reported to be worth close to $2 billion in 1997. Donald Trump's image was tarnished by the publicity surrounding his controversial separation and the later divorce from his wife, Ivana. But Trump married again, this time to Marla Maples, a fledgling actress. The couple had a daughter two months before their marriage in 1993. He filed for a highly publicized divorce from Maples in 1997, which became final in June 1999.

On October 7, 1999, Trump announced the formation of an exploratory committee to inform his decision of whether or not he should seek the Reform Party's nomination for the presidential race of 2000, but backed out because of problems within the party.

A state appeals court ruled on August 3, 2000, that Trump had the right to finish an 856-foot-tall condominium on New York City's east side. The Coalition for Responsible Development had sued the city, charging it with violation of zoning laws by letting the building reach heights that towered over everything in the neighborhood. The city has since moved to revise its rules to prevent more of such projects. The failure of Trump's opponents to obtain an injunction (a court order to stop) allowed him to continue construction.

Source: http://www.notablebiographies.com/St-Tr/Trump-Donald.html

OINSA ITA ATU HAKEREK PROPOSTA

DIFINISAUN PROPOSTA

•       Proposta hanesan planu serbisu ka atividade ne’ebé kria ho sistematika no detailu ba atividade ne’ebé formal.

•       Proposta mos rekomendasaun ba serbisu ka atividade ruma ne’ebé presiza aseita husi parte seluk ka ema seluk.

•       Formas atividade ne’ebé halo ho formal no tuir standarte  ka kriteria proposta ne’ebé iha.

•       Planu eskrita ne’ebé bele esplika ba ema seluk  kona-ba atividade ida ho nia objetivu hotu.

IMPORTANSIA PROPOSTA

•       Dokumentus atividade ka serbisu ruma ne’ebé efektivu no efesiensia

•       Formas ka matadalan ba atividade ne’ebé planeia ona.

•       Bele kontrola atividade ka serbisu ne’ebé planeia tiha ona.

•       Bele atinzi ba objektivu no benefisiu aktividade ne’ebé ita planeia ona.

 KONSEPTU OINSA ATU HALO PROPOSTA

Tuir mai iha pontu hirak ne’ebé ita persija hatene oinsa atu hakerek proposta ba organizasaun ka instituisaun ida hodi husu ajuda.

1.    Titulu Proposta

2.    Introdusaun

3.    Kontekstu husi problema

4.    Objektivu

5.    Aktividade

6.    Fatin no tempu

7.    Halo budget/orsamentu

8.    Relatoriu

 ESPLIKASAUN:

1.    Titulu proposta: esplika kona-ba titulu husi proposta ne’ebé ita hato’o. Exemplu; proposta kona-ba husu ajuda “material konstrusaun uma”.

2.    Introdusaun: esplika kona ba se mak ita (organizasaun / grupu: vizaun no misaun), ita nia aktividade, ita nia esperensia no kapasidade.

3.    Kontekstu husi problema: esplika tanba sa mak ita husu ajuda, signifika saida ka benefisiu husi aktividade ne’ebé ita proposta atu ajuda ka fo suporta (impaktu ba komunidade, ema ne’ebé fo ajuda/NGO ka organizasaun seluk)

4.    Objektivu: esplika objektivu husi aktividade ne’ebé ita sei organiza. Halo rezumu objektivu ho klaru.

5.    Aktividade: esplika liu kona-ba lalaok husi aktiividade ne’ebé ita sei halo.

6.    Fatin no tempu: tau mos iha ne’ebé no bainhira mak aktividade ne’e ita sei halo.

7.    Halo budget/orsamentu hira mak persija ka halo budget kona-ba sasan saida deit mak ita persija.

8.    Relatoriu: esplika katak wainhira aktividade remata, prontu atu halo relatoriu no responsavel ba iha orsamentu hirak ne’ebé fo.

Prosesu Eleitoral

A. Saida mak Prosesu Eleitoral?

Prosesu eleitoral hanesan lalaok sira elisaun nia husi faze ida ba faze seluk, husi loron hahuu nian too rezultadu final.

B.    Oinsa Prosesu eleitoral nia lalaok?

Lalaok husi Prosesu eleitoral nia mak hanesan tuir mai:

      Marka data eleisaun, Presidenti da republika deit mak iha kna’ar ida ne’e. Nia mak sei hatoo dekretu kona ba loron eleisaun ba Presidenti Republika, Parlamentu Nasional, assembleia legislativa regional sira no ba eleisaun autarquias locais (autoridade lokal). Dekretu ida ne’e mak sei halao prosesu eleitoral katak husi loron ne’ebe Presidenti fixa tiha ona ne’e mak sei halo prosesu eleitoral. Dekretu ida ne’e obrigatoriamente hasai iha Diariu da Republika. STAE sei hasai kalendariu eleitoral.

      Resensiamentu eleitoral, katak operasaun ida ne’ebe halao kona ba inskrisaun (tau naran) ka aktualizasaun ba dados hirak husi eleitor sira nian, hodi nune’e bele elabora lista ba sidadaun tomak. Liu husi dalan ida ne’e mak ema sira ne’ebe tau ona naran bele tuir eleisaun. Nudar sidadaun iha rai ida, ema hotu ne’ebe iha ona tinan 17 ba leten sei tau naran hodi hetan titular ba eleidaun. Resensiamentu ne’e obrigatoriu ba foinsae sira ne’ebe ho tinan 17 ba leten.

      Kandidatura, hanesan formalizasaun ba ema ida ne’ebe hatudu ona ninia vontade no kapasidade atu tuir eleisaun ida hodi hetan kargu eletivu ka titular ida. lalaok importante mak kandidatu sira hatoo sira nia aan ka halo deklarasaun (ba sira nia kandidatura) atu hetan kargu eletivu ruma. Partido politiku sira no koligasaun partidarias hahuu hare sira nia ema atu bele tuir eleisaun. Importante atu hatene katak kandidatu sira buka atu hetan no hatene kona ba lei eleitoral, regulamentu no kodigu konduta tomak.

      Kampanya Eleitoral: hanesan periodo ka loron hirak ne’ebe lei hatur ona atu fo tempu ba kandidato sira no partido politiku ka koligasaun sira hatoo sira nia propaganda politika. sira halo propaganda hodi hatudu  katak sira iha duni kbiit atu bele hetan kna’ar husi povu. Sira labele halo propaganda iha periodu seluk maibe iha deit periodu eleitoral nia laran. Dalan atu halo kampanya mak bele liu husi media komunikasaun sosial (halo publicidade jornalistika) no komisiu (halibur ema iha dalan no fatin publiku).

      Edukasaun votantes, hanesan atividade tomak ne’ebe lori ema seluk atu hatene kona ba “Direitu” no “dever civico” sira liu husi informasaun ho materia eleitoral no recensiamentu. Liu husi edukasun votantes mak ema bele hatene kona ba saida mak sistema no oinsa prosesu eleisaun ne'e bele halao ho diak no lolos (free and fair). wainhira populasaun la hatene kona ba ida ne’e, entaun sira la bele halo kna’ar civico atu partisipa iha lalaok politika nian (eleisaun).

      Preparasaun ba material logistika ba loron eleisaun.

      Treinamentu ba ofisial sira atu hasae liu tan kapasidade atu staff sira bele halao sira nia kna’ar ho diak.

      Votasaun: loron votasaun wainhira ema hotu hakat ba sentru votasaun nian hodi hili kandidatu, partidos ka koligasaun ne’ebe tuir eleisaun.

      Resultado ka kontajem de votus: katak hahuu sura votus ne’ebe tama, hare ninia resultadu husi escrutinio too apuramentu nasional, hafoin hatoo resultado provisoriu.

      Reklamasaun resultado eleisaun, iha proklamasaun ofisial ne’ebe hatur resultado husi lalaok eleisaun nian, liu husi deklarasaun husi presidente asembleia apuramentu. Tuir mai, nia halo publisidade iha didin lolon ka fatin ida ne’ebe ema hotu bele hare lisuk. Tuir mai, CNE sei elabora no publika ida Jornal (Diariu) da Republika kona ba mapa nasional husi eleisaun. Ikus liu, Supremo Tribunal de Justica (STJ) ka tribunal as liu (Tribunal Rekursu) nudar orgaun judicial mak sei halo proklamasaun solene ba resultado final.

C.  Apuramentu (Tabulation ka kontajem de votus)

Apuramentu hanesan operasaun hirak ne’ebe hala’o wainhria prosesu votasaun hotu ona no hahuu ona atu sura votus.

1. Apuramentu inisial/primeiro (escrutinio-hahuu halao sura votus)

Apuramentu inisial halao wainhira eleisaun halao hotu ona, ofisial sira ne’ebe kaer kna’ar iha sentru da votasaun hahuu sura votus ne’ebe iha. Kaer kna’ar sira hahuu sura buletin tomak ne’ebe tama, hare hirak mak uza ba votasaun, hira mak la uza, nune’e moos populasaun hira mak partisipa iha votasaun. Presidente da estasaun hatudu numeru votos, hira mak validos, hira mak nulos no hira mak branku (la halo kuak ka la hili). Liu tiha ida ne’e, sira halo akta original hodi hakerek resultado iha formulario ne’ebe prepara ona. Iha akta nia laran, ofisial sira tenke hakerek oras loke votasaun nian, fatin no numeru estasaun votasaun nian, numeru total votantes hira, total votus nulos, branku, numeru reklamasaun ka protestu. Resultado hatama iha kadernu eleitorais.

2. Apuramentu distrital

Prosesu ne’e halao wainhira, ofisial sira iha centu votasaun halibur ona hamutuk iha distritu. Iha ne’eba, komisaria ida husi CNE ne’ebe hetan tulun husi sira nia pontus focais hahuu rekonsila resultadu husi seksaun ida–idak. Sira estabelese resultado distrital. Iha prosesu ida ne’e komisaria husi CNE la bele rezolve problema sira hanesan Reklamasaun / protesta kona ba resultado. Wainhira iha duvida barak ne’ebe afeta resultado global entaun kasu ne’e lori ba apuramentu nasional. Ikus mai, asembleia apuramentu distrital ne’e tenke halo akta elektronika katak hatama iha sistema komputador nian ne’ebe prepara ona husi STAE.

3. Apuramentu Nasional

Liu tiha apuramentu inisial no apuramentu distrital, operasaun sei kontinua ho apuramentu nasional. Iha operasaun ida ne’e, komisariu sira hotu tuur hamutuk hodi halo asembleia ida. Apuramentu nasional halao atu verifika: 1) Total husi eleitor sira ne’ebe tau naran ona durante halo resensiamentu.

2) Total ema ne’ebe hakat ba fatin votasaun nian atu ba vota.

3) total votos hira mak kandidato ida-idak hetan.

4) total votus mutin (la uza) no total votus Nulo

5) distribuisaun ba kandidato ka lista kandidatora ida-idak ne’ebe iha ona. Operasaun ida ne’e halao bazeia ba akta orijinal no akta eletronika ne’ebe lori husi distritu ida-idak.

4. Apuramentu ba elisaun Lideransa Komunitaria

·         Sura votu sira hahuu kedas iha fatin votasaun wainhira prosesu votasaun taka tiha ona. Ofiasial sira ne’ebe responsabilza ba prosesu ida ne’e halo akta hodi hare moos ba reklamasaun (protestu) hirak ne’ebe tama. Observador sira no fiskais sira ho jornalista bele tau matan ba prosesu ida ne’e.

·         Ba suku sira ne’ebe iha deit sentru votasaun ida, maka resultado haruka taka kedas iha oin  atu ema hotu bele hare.

·         Ba suku ne’ebe iha sentru votasaun barak liu, maka halo resultado parsial hodi haruka ba STAE distritu nian atu halo resultado final.

·         Dokumentu hotu ne’ebe STAE finaliza ona, tenke lori ba CNE atu hare ninia prosesu tomak. CNE sei hare moos dokumentus kona ba reklamasaun (protestu) no durante semana ida sei halao verifikasaun hodi lori ninia resultado ba tribunal rekursu atu nune’e bele valida no proklama ninia resultado final.

D.   Igualdade de votu

Igualdade de votu katak prinsipiu husi direito eleitoral ne’ebe hatudu katak votu hotu-hotu iha nia folin hanesan ka iha nia eficácia (efetivu) hanesan.

Prinsipiu hirak ne’e mak hanesan:

·         Universalidade de votu, katak labele hamosu diskriminasaun ba eleitor sira tuir rasa, seksu, religiaun no seluk tan.

·         Votu direktu, katak ema nia nain rasik mak hatoo ninia votu hodi hili ninia reprezentante.

·         Voto sekretu (rahasia), katak sei la hatudu ba ema seluk, no ema seluk sei la hatene kona ba votu ida.

E.    Lei Internasional no Nasional ne’ebe garante feto nia partisipasaun iha vida politika

v   Lei internasional

CEDAW parte II artigu 7

Nasaun membru tenki hola medida hotu ne’ebe diaka atu halakon diskriminasaun kontra feto iha moris publika no politika nasaun nian, liu-liu tenki garanti ba feto direitu ne’ebe hanesan ho mane:

a.     Vota iha eleisaun no referendum publika hotu-hotu no bele sai kandidatu ba instituisaun publika atu instituisaun hirak ne’e bele hili nia.

b.     Partisipa iha formulasaun guvernu nia politika no implementasaun politika hirak ne’e, no kaer eskritoriu publika iha guvernu nia nivel hotu-hotu.

c.     Partisipa iha organizasaun no governamental no asosiasaun hotu-hotu ne’ebe preukupa ho vida publika no politika nasaun nian.

v  Lei Nasional–Konstituisaun RDTL

ü  Artigu 17 kona ba igualdade ba feto ho mane katak; feto ho mane iha direitu no dever ne’ebé hanesan iha vida familia, ekonomia, kultura, politika no seluk-seluk tan.

Artigu 46

(Direitu partisipasaun politika)

1.      Rainain hotu-hotu iha direitu atu partisipa, hosi nia rasik eh liu hosi reprezentante ne’ebe hili tiha ona tuir demokrasia, ba vida politika no ba asuntu publiku nian iha rai laran.

2.      Rainain hotu-hotu iha direitu atu halo no partisipa iha partidu politiku sira.

3.      Konstituisaun no organizasaun ba partidu politiku sira lei maka sei regula.

Artigu 47

(Direitu atu vota)

1.      Ema rainain hotu-hotu ho tinan sanulu-resin-hitu ba leten, iha direitu atu vota no sei bele hili nia.

2.      Halao direitu sufrajiu katak ema ida-idak, ida ne’e hanesan dever siviku ida.

Artigu 63

(Partisipasaun polítika rainain nian)

1.      Partisipasaun direktu no aktivu hosi feto no mane sira iha vida polítika reprezenta kondisaun no instrumentu fundamental sistema demokrátiku ninian.

2.      Lei halo promosaun kona-ba igualdade direitu síviku no polítiku nian no la diskrimina kona-ba sexu iha asesu ba kargu polítiku nian.

ü  Lei no 6/2006 ne’ebé hateten katak “kada kandidatu numeru haat ne’ebé konkore ba Elisaun Parlamentu Nasional nian ida tenke feto” fo  dalan katak feto nia pozisaun absoluta ba fatin hirak ne’e iha loron 22 fulan Junhu.

ü  Lei no 7/2011 artigu 12 kapitulu 2 hanesan alterasaun ba lei no 6/2006 ne’ebe hateten katak “kada kandidatu tolu ne’ebe konkore ba Elisaun Parlamentu Nasional nian ida tenke feto” fo dalan katak feto nia pozisaun absoluta ba fatin hirak ne’e.

Tuir lei lideransa komunitaria no 2/2004  kona ba elisaun xefe do suco, no fo fatin absoluta (labele muda) ba feto atu tuur iha pozisaun tolu mak hanesan; Representante feto rua no representante juventude feto ida.